Procrastination

Also known as: Akrasia (weakness of will)

Procrastination is the voluntary delay of an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay. It is a failure of self-regulation, often driven by the desire to avoid negative emotions associated with the task (boredom, anxiety, fear of failure).

Cognitive Biases

2 min read

experimental Evidence


Procrastination

The Psychology Behind It

Procrastination is not about laziness; it is about emotion regulation. We procrastinate because the task at hand makes us feel bad (anxious, bored, overwhelmed, or insecure). To stop feeling bad, our brain seeks "mood repair" by doing something fun instead (checking social media, eating, cleaning).

This is a battle between the Limbic System (the ancient, emotional brain that wants immediate pleasure) and the Prefrontal Cortex (the logical brain that plans for the future). When we procrastinate, the Limbic System wins. It is closely tied to "Temporal Discounting"—we choose the immediate relief of avoidance over the long-term reward of completion.

Real-World Examples

Health

People delay going to the doctor for a suspicious lump because they are afraid of the diagnosis (anxiety). The delay can be fatal.

Finance

People put off filing taxes until the last minute, causing unnecessary stress and potential fines, because the task is tedious and confusing.

Creative Work

Writers and artists often procrastinate not because they don't want to work, but because they are terrified that their work won't be good enough (fear of failure).

Consequences

Procrastination can lead to:

  • Poor Performance: Rushed work is usually lower quality.
  • Health Problems: Chronic procrastination is linked to higher stress, heart disease, and lower well-being.
  • Regret: The pain of "what might have been" if we had started sooner.

How to Mitigate It

Willpower is not the answer. We need to change the emotional equation.

  1. Forgive Yourself: Studies show that forgiving yourself for past procrastination makes you less likely to procrastinate next time. Guilt just adds more negative emotion to the task.
  2. The 5-Minute Rule: Agree to do the task for just 5 minutes. The hardest part is starting. Once you start, the anxiety usually drops.
  3. Break It Down: A task like "Write Thesis" is terrifying. "Write one paragraph" is manageable. Make the steps so small they don't trigger fear.

Conclusion

Procrastination is a self-inflicted wound. It is a way of coping with challenging emotions that ends up creating more challenging emotions. By being kind to ourselves and lowering the barrier to entry, we can trick our brains into getting started.

Mitigation Strategies

Temptation Bundling: Only allow yourself to watch your favorite show while you are folding laundry or doing the dishes.

Effectiveness: medium

Difficulty: moderate

Environment Design: Put your phone in another room. If the distraction is 20 seconds away, you are less likely to grab it.

Effectiveness: high

Difficulty: moderate

Potential Decision Harms

Employees miss promotion opportunities because they delay submitting the application until the deadline passes.

major Severity

Defendants delay finding a lawyer, weakening their case preparation.

critical Severity

Key Research Studies

The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure

Steel, P. (2007) Psychological Bulletin

Comprehensive review identifying impulsiveness and lack of self-efficacy as strong predictors of procrastination.

Read Study →


Related Biases

Explore these related cognitive biases to deepen your understanding

Loaded Language

Loaded language (also known as loaded terms or emotive language) is rhetoric used to influence an audience by using words and phrases with strong connotations.

Cognitive Biases

/ Emotive language

Euphemism

A euphemism is a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.

Cognitive Biases

/ Doublespeak (related)

Paradox of Choice

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The paradox of choice is the idea that having too many options can make decisions harder, reduce satisfaction, and even lead to decision paralysis.

Cognitive Biases / Choice and complexity

/ Choice Overload

Choice Overload Effect

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The choice overload effect occurs when having too many options makes it harder to decide, reduces satisfaction, or leads people to avoid choosing at all.

Cognitive Biases / Choice and complexity

/ Paradox of Choice

Time-Saving Bias

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The time-saving bias describes the tendency of people to misestimate the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) speed.

Cognitive Biases

/ Time-saving illusion

Temporal Discounting

2 min read

Temporal discounting (or hyperbolic discounting) is the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs.

Cognitive Biases

/ Hyperbolic discounting