probability

The ambiguity effect is a cognitive bias where decision makers avoid options that are considered to be ambiguous or to have missing information.

Neglect of probability is the tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty.

The ludic fallacy is the misuse of games to model real-life situations.

The representativeness heuristic is the tendency to judge the probability of an event by how much it resembles a typical case, often ignoring base rates and statistical logic.

The clustering illusion is the tendency to erroneously consider the inevitable 'streaks' or 'clusters' arising in small samples from random distributions to be non-random.

The conjunction fallacy is the tendency to judge a specific, detailed scenario as more likely than a more general one that contains it, violating basic probability rules.

The base rate fallacy is the tendency to ignore or underweight general statistical information (base rates) in favor of vivid or specific case details when judging probability.

The gambler’s fallacy is the mistaken belief that past random events make future independent events more likely to be the opposite, such as expecting a tail after many consecutive heads.

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater 'availability' in memory, which can be influenced by how recent, unusual, or emotionally charged the memories are.