perception

The contrast effect is the tendency to judge something as better or worse depending on what it is compared to, rather than on its absolute qualities.

The fluency heuristic is a mental shortcut where the ease of processing information (fluency) is used as a proxy for its truth, value, or likelihood.

Declinism is the belief that a society or institution is tending towards decline. Particularly, it is the predisposition to view the past more favorably and the future more negatively.

The telescoping effect is a temporal displacement of an event whereby people perceive recent events as being more remote than they are and distant events as being more recent than they are.

Pareidolia is a specific form of apophenia involving the perception of images or sounds in random stimuli, such as seeing faces in clouds.

The clustering illusion is the tendency to erroneously consider the inevitable 'streaks' or 'clusters' arising in small samples from random distributions to be non-random.

Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice a visible but unexpected object or event because attention is focused elsewhere.

Change blindness is the failure to notice large changes in a visual scene when they occur during a brief disruption or distraction.

Selective perception is the tendency to notice, interpret, and remember information that fits our expectations or goals while overlooking or downplaying conflicting information.

The framing effect is a cognitive bias where people decide on options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations; e.g. as a loss or as a gain.