risk

The ambiguity effect is a cognitive bias where decision makers avoid options that are considered to be ambiguous or to have missing information.

Neglect of probability is the tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty.

The ludic fallacy is the misuse of games to model real-life situations.

Automation bias is the tendency to over-trust computer systems and automated recommendations, discounting or overlooking contradictory human judgment or real‑world evidence.

The ostrich effect is the tendency to avoid or ignore negative information, especially about risks or losses, in order to reduce anxiety.

Ambiguity aversion is the tendency to prefer known risks over unknown or poorly defined risks, even when the expected outcomes are similar.

Underestimating the likelihood of disaster.

The base rate fallacy is the tendency to ignore or underweight general statistical information (base rates) in favor of vivid or specific case details when judging probability.

The framing effect is a cognitive bias where people decide on options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations; e.g. as a loss or as a gain.

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater 'availability' in memory, which can be influenced by how recent, unusual, or emotionally charged the memories are.